Item comprehension and content coverage of patient-reported outcome measures for Long COVID: A qualitative study
Zigler, CK; Yousefian, C; Mangrum, R; et al., Quality of Life Research, July 2026
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Short Summary
We need good ways to measure how adults with Long COVID are feeling and functioning so that we can test new therapies that may be able to help them feel better. Since very few surveys have been specifically designed for Long COVID, we wanted to see how well 4 existing surveys worked by asking adults with Long COVID to give us feedback. 30 English-speaking adults with Long COVID reviewed the surveys during an interview. Evidence from the interviews indicated that adults with Long COVID could understand the questions within the surveys and most of the items were relevant to their experience with Long COVID. Our findings support use of the 4 surveys in the Long COVID clinical trial they were chosen for, and we also identified future ways to make these surveys even better for this population.
This summary was prepared by the RECOVER Initiative.
Publication Details
DOI: 10.1007/s11136-026-04340-7
Abstract
Purpose: Fit-for-purpose clinical outcome assessments are essential to inform medical product development, but outcome measures for Long COVID, a new and devastating phenomenon, have not yet been established. The objective of this study was to evaluate item comprehension and content coverage of four selected patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) for use in a Long COVID clinical trial platform.
Methods: A noninterventional, cross-sectional qualitative cognitive debriefing study of English-speaking adults with Long COVID was conducted, with interviews taking place virtually between August and November 2024. Recruitment was managed by a research firm. The main outcomes of the study were participant comprehension and relevance of the selected PROMs, including symptoms and functioning as measured by modified versions of the DePaul Symptom Questionnaire-Post-Exertional Malaise, Everyday Cognition Scale 2 questionnaire, Composite Autonomic Symptom Score-31, and Orthostatic Hypotension Questionnaire.
Results: Participants were able to comprehend most items and indicated they were relevant to their experiences with Long COVID. Participants identified potential enhancements to the measures such as simplifying instructions, modifying item wording, and reducing PROM length. Interviewers observed cognitive burden during some of the interviews.
Conclusions: Based on the overall support for comprehension and relevance of items within each measure, use of these measures within the Long COVID clinical trial platform was generally supported. Future work, including qualitative and quantitative studies, could improve the experience of PROM data collection in this context. Clinical trial protocols for Long COVID should carefully consider burden on participants when collecting PROMs.
Authors
Christina K Zigler, Charis Yousefian, Rikki Mangrum, Maliyah Faulstich, Sean M O'Brien, Christine Maughan, Marta Cerda, Lucinda Bateman, Cyndya A Shibao, Barry Make, Leonard A Jason, Kevin P Weinfurt, Kanecia O Zimmerman
Keywords
Content coverage; Item comprehension; Long COVID; Patient-reported outcome measures; Qualitative research